Tabernaemontana sananho

Taxonomy

Notes:

Place of publication: Fl. peruv. 2:22, t. 144. 1799

Name verified on 25-Sep-1998 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 17-May-2006

Physical Description

Family Apocynaceae:

Trees, shrubs, or vines, rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple, opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose, terminal or axillary, with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform, funnelform, urceolate, or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate. Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate, free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head, dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded, cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely half-inferior, connate or distinct, 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical, or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic. Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny, scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete.

About 155 genera and 2000 species distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics, poorly represented in the temperate regions. Of the 44 genera and 145 species present in China, one genus and 38 species are endemic, and nearly 95% of the taxa grow in the southern and southwestern portions of the country.

Fruit type is highly diversified in the family, and it is diagnostic of many genera. Genera 1-4 produce 1, 2-celled berries from a flower; genus 5 produces 2, 1-celled berries from a flower; 6 and 7 produce mostly fleshy follicles containing deeply indented seeds with ruminate endosperm; 8 has follicles and winged seeds; 9 produces follicles and seeds with 2 comas; 10-12 have follicles with globose seeds; 13-18 have drupes mostly with fleshy mesocarp; 19 has samaroid fruit; 20 has spiny capsules with seeds winged all around; and 21-44 have free or fused follicles and comose seeds. Double flowers are known only from cultivated forms of Nerium oleander, Tabernaemontana divaricata, and Wrightia religiosa.

Plants of the Apocynaceae are often poisonous and are rich in alkaloids or glycosides, especially in the seeds and latex. Some species are valuable sources of medicine, insecticides, fibers, and rubber.^[1]

Genus Tabernaemontana:

Shrubs or small trees, latex white. Stems repeatedly dichotomously branched. Leaves opposite; adaxial surface of petiole often with a basal semicircular or semiamplexicaul ocrea. Cymes corymbose or umbellate, at branch forks, many or rarely 1-flowered. Calyx divided halfway down or deeper, with few to many basal glands inside. Corolla salverform, widened at or near middle, lobes sharply overlapping to left [or right]. Stamens inserted in widened part of corolla tube; filaments short or almost none; anthers oblong or narrowly triangular, free from pistil head, base sagittate or deeply cordate and not spurred; disc absent. Ovaries 2, free; ovules numerous. Style filiform; pistil head with a subglobose or lampshade-shaped basal part and stigmoid, 2-cleft apical part. Follicles 2, divaricate. Seeds with a red or orange fleshy aril; coma absent.

Ninety-nine species: Africa, Asia, North America, Pacific Islands, South America; five species in China.^[2]

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Native: Antioquia, Ayacucho, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre De Dios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pasco, San Martin, Ucayali.

Similar Species

Members of the genus Tabernaemontana:

There are approximately 394 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: T. acapulcensis · T. accedens · T. acuminata · T. acutissima · T. affinis · T. affinis var. lanceolata · T. africana · T. alba (White Milkwood) · T. albescens · T. albiflora · T. alfari · T. alternifolia · T. amblyblasta · T. amblyocarpa · T. amplifolia · T. amsonia · T. amygdalaefolia · T. amygdalifolia · T. amygdalifolia var. glaucophylla · T. amygdalifolia var. obtusiloba · T. anamensis · T. angolensis · T. angulata · T. angustifolia · T. anisophylla · T. annamensis · T. antheonycta · T. aphlebia · T. apoda · T. arborea (Wild Orange Jessamine) · T. arcuata · T. attenuata · T. aubletii · T. aurantiaca · T. aurantiaca f. anguinea · T. australiensis · T. australis (Pinwheel Flower) · T. balansae · T. barteri · T. baviensis · T. benthamiana · T. benthaminina · T. berteroi · T. berteroi var. parviflora · T. biflora · T. bonii · T. borbonica · T. bouquetii · T. bovina · T. brachyantha · T. brachybotrys · T. brachypoda · T. bracteolaris · T. breviflora · T. buchtieni · T. bufalina · T. calcarea · T. calcicola · T. callosa · T. calycina · T. camassi · T. capsicoides · T. capuronii · T. carinata · T. cathariensis · T. catharinensis · T. caudata · T. celastroides · T. celebica · T. ceratocarpa · T. cerea · T. cerifera · T. cerniflora · T. cestroides · T. chartacea · T. chengkiangensis · T. chinensis · T. chippii · T. chocoensis · T. chrysocarpa · T. chrysocarpa var. costaricensis · T. chrysophylloides · T. ciliata · T. cirrhosa · T. cirspiflora · T. citrifolia (Milkwood) · T. citrifolia var. lanceolata · T. coffeaefolia · T. coffeoides · T. collignonae · T. collina · T. colombiensis · T. columbiensis · T. concinna · T. congesta · T. congestiflora · T. continentalis · T. continentalis var. pubiflora · T. contorta · T. cordata

Bibliography

• Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. (L Peru)
• Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. 1991. A revision of Tabernaemontana. I. The Old World species. II. The New World species., 1994 (Rev Tabern) 367–372.
• Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos - on-line resource. (TROPICOS)
• Tsiang Ying & Li Ping-tao. 1977. Apocynaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 63: 1-249.

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Notes

Contributors:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 04, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 02, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15031714
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:82327-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 606946

Footnotes:

1. Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton "Apocynaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 143. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Tabernaemontana". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 152. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.