Verbena officinalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Verbenaceae

Shrubs or trees , sometimes climbing shrubs, rarely herbs. Indumentum of simple , stellate , and/or other complex hairs . Leaves opposite or rarely whorled , without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately [or pinnately] compound . Inflorescences terminal or axillary , racemose, cymose , spicate , or thyrses . Flowers bisexual or polygamous by abortion , zygomorphic or rarely actinomorphic . Calyx persistent . Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed ; lobes usually spreading , aestivation overlapping. Fertile stamens inserted on corolla tube , alternate with lobes; filaments free ; anthers dorsifixed , 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or sometimes a circular pore . Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2-8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect or pendulous. Style terminal, simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets . Seeds (1 or) 2-4, endosperm usually absent, seed coat thin; embryo straight, as long as seed; radicle short, inferior.

Some 91 genera and ca. 2000 species: primarily tropical and subtropical , 20 genera and 182 species in China.

The classification of Verbenaceae is in a state of flux, especially regarding its relationship to Lamiaceae. There is evidence to suggest a significant division between members of subfamily Verbenoideae, genera 1-5 in this account, and the remaining genera, including genera 6-20, which for convenience are here referred to as subfamily Viticoideae s.l. The latter are more closely allied to each other and to genera traditionally kept within Lamiaceae (including genera 1-8 in this Flora ) . Avicennia is often placed in a family of its own, but its affinities are clearly with Viticoideae, especially genera 17-19 in this account which have traditionally been placed in a separate subfamily, Symphorematoideae.[1]

Genus Verbena

Herbs or subshrubs , annual or perennial . Branches 4-veined. Leaves opposite, sessile, dentate , lobed , or pinnatifid . Spikes usually terminal , simple or branched; bracts small. Flowers alternate, nearly zygomorphic. Calyx membranous, 5-dentate. Corolla with a distinct tube ; lobes 5, unequal, spreading . Stamens 4, fertile , didynamous , inserted at middle of corolla tube, included ; anthers ovate . Ovary 4-locular; ovules erect , 1 per locule. Capsules dry, included in calyx, dehiscing into 4 1-seeded pyrenes.

About 250 species: chiefly in tropical America.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Beds . Hanging baskets. Mixed container plantings . • Care: Heat tolerant . Drought tolerant. Suitable for growing in hot, desert climates. Feed regularly with a balanced fertilizer , or use a slow-release fertilizer in the soil or container . Mulch with dry straw in cold winter areas. Watch for spider mites in very dry climates.

Habitat

Grassy places on mountain slopes ; 100-1800 m. [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,028 meters (0 to 13,215 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Prefers fertile , well-drained soil. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Water frequently and thoroughly during hot weather. Avoid drying out.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 0°F. • Cold Hardiness: 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Verbena

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 136 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

V. abramsii (San Bernardino Vervain) · V. allenii (Allen's Verbena) · V. blanchardii (Blanchard's Verbena) · V. bonariensis (Brazilian Verbena) · V. bonariensis var. bonariensis (Purpletop Vervain) · V. bonariensis var. conglomerata (Purpletop Vervain) · V. bracteata (Bigbract Verbena) · V. brasiliensis (Brazilian Vervain) · V. californica (Red Hills Vervain) · V. canadensis 'Aztec Pink' (Aztec Pink Trailing Verbena) · V. canadensis 'Aztec Wild Rose' (Aztec Wild Rose Trailing Verbena) · V. canadensis 'Homestead Pink' (Homestead Pink Verbena) · V. canadensis 'Homestead Purple' (Homestead Purple Verbena) · V. canadensis 'Imagination' (Imagination Creeping Verbena) · V. canadensis'Ron Deal' (Ron Deal Varvain) · V. canadensis 'Taylortown Red' (Red Clump Verbena) · V. canadensis 'Texas Form' (Creeping Vervain) · V. canescens (Gray Vervain) · V. carolina (Carolina Vervain) · V. cayennensis (Blue Snakeweed) · V. ciliata 'Pink Sunrise' (Creeping Vervain) · V. clemensiorum (Amador County Vervain) · V. cloverae (Clover's Vervain) · V. corymbosa (Verbena) · V. crookshanksii (Crookshank's Verbena) · V. deamii (Deam's Verbena) · V. Donalena Twinkle Pink (Vervain [donalena Twinkle Pink]) · V. ehrenbergiana (Ehrenberg's Vervain) · V. engelmannii (Engelmann's Verbena) · V. goodmanii (Goodman's Verbena) · V. gracilis (Fort Huachuca Verbena) · V. halei (Slender Verbena) · V. hastata (Blue Verbena) · V. hastata var. hastata (Swamp Verbena) · V. hastata var. scabra (Swamp Verbena) · V. hastata 'Alba' (White Vervain) · V. illicita (Illicit Verbena) · V. lappulacea (Catstongue) · V. lasiostachys (Western Vervain) · V. lasiostachys var. lasiostachys (Western Vervain) · V. litoralis (Seashore Vervain) · V. macdougalii (Hillside Verbena) · V. menthifolia (Mint Vervain) · V. moechina (Verbena) · V. montevidensis (Uruguayan Vervain) · V. neomexicana (Hillside Vervain) · V. neomexicana var. hirtella (New Mexico Verbena) · V. neomexicana var. neomexicana (New Mexican Verbena) · V. neomexicana var. xylopoda (Hillside Vervain) · V. officinalis (Herb of the Cross) · V. officinalis var. officinalis (Herb of the Cross) · V. officinalis var. prostrata (Prostrate Verbena) · V. pedula 'Superbena Pink Shades' (Superbena Pink Shades Verbena) · V. perennis (Perennial Verbena) · V. perriana (Verbena) · V. peruviana 'Saint Paul' (Saint Paul Verbena) · V. pinetorum (Chihuahuan Vervain) · V. plicata (Fan-Leaf Vervain) · V. plicata Greene var. degeneri Moldenke (Fan-Leaf Vervain) · V. plicata var. degeneri (Degener's Vervain) · V. plicata var. plicata (Fanleaf Vervain) · V. polystachya (Verbena) · V. rigida (Rigid Verbena) · V. rigida 'Polaris' (Rough Verbena) · V. rigida 'Santos' (Rough Verbena) · V. riparia (Riverbank Vervain) · V. runyonii (Rio Grande Vervain) · V. rydbergii (Rydberg's Verbena) · V. scabra (Sandpaper Vervain) · V. simplex (Narrow-Leaved Vervain) · V. speciosa 'Imagination' (Trailing Verbena) · V. stricta (Hoary Verbena) · V. stuprosa (Verbena) · V. supina (Procumbent Vervain) · V. Tapien Pink Parfait = 'Suntapipipa' (Vervain [tapien Pink Parfait]) · V. Tapien Red (Vervain [tapien Red]) · V. tenera 'Sissinghurst' (Alpine Verbena) · V. tenera 'Sissinghurst Pink' (Pink Vervain) · V. urticifolia (White Verbena) · V. urticifolia var. incarnata (White Vervain) · V. urticifolia var. leiocarpa (White Vervain) · V. urticifolia var. simplex (White Vervain) · V. urticifolia var. urticifolia (White Vervain) · V. xutha (Gulf Vervain) · V. × allenii (Allen's Verbena) · V. × blanchardii (Blanchard's Verbena) · V. × deamii (Deam's Verbena) · V. × engelmannii (Engelmann's Verbena) · V. × goodmanii (Goodman's Verbena) · V. × illicita (Illicit Verbena) · V. × moechina (Verbena) · V. × perriana (Verbena) · V. × rydbergii (Rydberg's Verbena) · V. × stuprosa (Verbena) · V. x 'Silver Anne' (Silver Anne Garden Verbena) · V. 'Aztec Pink Magic' (Verbena) · V. 'Aztec Red' (Red Verbena) · V. 'Babylon Blue' (Verbena) · V. 'Babylon Carpet Blue' (Babylon Carpet Blue Verbena) · V. 'Babylon Deep Pink' (Verbena)

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Further Reading

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• viii.
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• P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1-229.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 14, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2654876
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-32110
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4462689
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:865346-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 41164
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 32110
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 865346-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: VEOFP
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 64968

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert "Verbenaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Verbena". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 3. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Verbena officinalis". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 3. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 160.690 meters (527.198 feet), Standard Deviation = 218.480 based on 9,283 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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