| Your Home Page | Contact Us |

• Conservation Status
• Taxonomy
• Physical Description
• Distribution
• Landscaping
• Reproduction
• Growth
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes
• Keep Exploring

Overview:

Endangered

Conservation Status

US Endangered Species Act: Endangered. First listed on October 10, 1996. It is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range. Within the area covered by this listing, this species is known to occur in: Hawaii. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Region (Region 1) is the lead region for this entity. More info.

Taxonomy

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication: Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 4:216. 1909

Name verified on 29-Feb-2000 by ARS Systematic Botanists.

Physical Description

Family Violaceae:

Herbs annual or perennial, shrubs, or subshrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely small trees. Leaves simple, usually alternate, sometimes opposite, with small or leaflike stipules, petiolate, margin entire, serrate, or dissected. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, rarely polygamous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary or in axillary or terminal, spicate, paniculate, or racemose inflorescences, 2-bracteolate, sometimes cleistogamous. Sepals 5, equal or unequal, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, imbricate or convolute, unequal, anterior one usually larger than others, saccate, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens 5; anthers erect, free or connivent or connate, connectives often dilated into membranous appendages; filaments very short or absent, anterior 2 stamens with spurlike nectary at base. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, 3-5-carpelled, syncarpous, with 3-5 parietal placentae each with 1 to many anatropous ovules; style simple; stigmas variously shaped. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, usually with elastic and abaxially carinate valves, rarely baccate. Seeds often carunculate; testa hard, nitid, often with oily bodies, sometimes alate; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo erect.

Twenty-two genera and 900-1000 species: worldwide, but particularly in tropical regions; three genera and 101 species (36 endemic, three introduced) in China.^[1]

Genus Viola:

Herbs perennial or biennial, rarely subshrubs, rhizomatous. Stem developed or absent, sometimes with creeping branches. Leaves simple, alternate or basal, margin entire, dentate, or dissected; stipules small or large, leaflike, free or ± adnate to petioles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, solitary, often dimorphic (cleistogamous flowers later than chasmogamous ones) ; pedicels axillary, 2-bracteolate. Sepals slightly equal, usually basally auriculate. Petals unequal, anterior petal largest and basally spurred. Filaments free, very short; anthers free or mostly connivent into a sheath around ovary, 2 anterior ones with spurlike or wartlike and nectariferous appendages at base, these extending into anterior spur, connectives produced apically into conspicuous, membranous appendages. Ovary 3-carpelled, with many ovuled parietal placentae; styles nearly erect or usually ± curved downward, ± thickened or sometimes gradually tapering toward apex, entire or variously appendaged; style apex and stigma variously shaped. Capsule loculicidally and elastically 3-valved, valves carinate and abaxially thickened. Seeds globose-ovoid, arillate or not, usually smooth; endosperm abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons rather thick, plano-convex.

About 550 species: cosmopolitan, chiefly in temperate regions of the N hemisphere; 96 species (35 endemic, three introduced) in China.^[2]

Habit: Subshrub, Shrub, Forb/herb

Flowers: Large flowers cover sturdy plants. Blooms throughout the spring, into the summer while the weather stays cool, and again in fall.

Foliage: Smooth-textured evergreen medium dark green foliage.

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Oceania

Native: .

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Early or late season color for gardens, hanging baskets, patio pots. • Care: Tolerates frost. Very vigorous. Deadheading will prolong bloom, but prevent volunteer seedlings. Pinch to keep bushy.

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6" apart. Self-sows. Propagation: Start seeds indoors 10 to 12 weeks before the last spring frost. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil. After sowing, moisten the potting mix and place the seed tray in a cool place or refrigerator for 2 weeks, then move to a 65-70°F. area. Seedlings emerge in 2-3 weeks.

Soil: Soil: Requires well-drained soil. Prefers rich organic, moist, acidic soil, pH 5.6 to 6.5. Avoid wet, soggy/shady areas.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full sun or part sun.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep soil mixture moist until well established. Water daily during hot, dry summer.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 0°F. • Cold Hardiness: 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Viola:

There are approximately 4,009 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: V. adunca ashtonae · V. adunca radicosa · V. aethnensis messanensis · V. aethnensis splendida · V. alba cretica · V. arguta meridionalis · V. arguta typica · V. arvensis kitaibeliana · V. arvensis megalantha · V. aurea mohavensis · V. bakeri shastensis · V. bellidifolia typica · V. bellidifolia valida · V. betonicifolia australiensis · V. betonicifolia betonicifolia · V. betonicifolia jaunsariensis · V. betonicifolia novaguineensis · V. biflora avatschensis · V. blanda macloskeyi · V. bubanii palentina · V. calcarata cavillieri · V. canadensis neo-mexicana · V. canadensis rydbergii · V. canina silvensis · V. caspia sylvestrioides · V. cenisia lapeyrousiana · V. cerasifolia conferta · V. cerasifolia selloiana · V. cerasifolia typica · V. cornuta montcaunica · V. cotyledon lologensis · V. crassa alpicola · V. crassa borealis · V. diffusa apoensis · V. eximia tringiana · V. hederacea cleistogamoides · V. hederacea curtisiae · V. hederacea hederacea · V. hederacea perreniformis · V. hederacea seppeltiana · V. hederacea sieberiana · V. inconspicua nagasakiensis · V. ircutiana tenuicornis · V. kitaibeliana trimestris · V. lehmannii cordifolia · V. lehmannii ovalifolia · V. litoralis litvinovii · V. lobata psychodes · V. lutea calaminaria · V. macedonica bosniaca · V. maculata genuina · V. maculata microphyllos · V. maculata reichei · V. minuta dagestanica · V. minuta meyeriana · V. mirabilis brachysepala · V. mirabilis subglabra · V. nemoralis abbreviata · V. novae-angliae grisea · V. odorata maderensis · V. odorata stolonifera · V. orphanidis crinita · V. pallens macloskeyi · V. palustris pubifolia · V. palustris typica · V. pedatifida brittoniana · V. pedunculata typica · V. pentadactyla hierosolymitana · V. praemorsa arida · V. praemorsa linguafolia · V. praemorsa major · V. praemorsa oregona · V. primulifolia occidentalis · V. primulifolia villosa · V. purpurea typica · V. pyrenaica montserratii · V. rupestris arenaria · V. rupestris glaberrima · V. rupestris orioli-bolosii · V. rupestris sacchalinensis · V. sandrasea cilicica · V. saxatilis curtisii · V. saxatilis polychroma · V. sempervirens orbiculata · V. sempervirens orbiculoides · V. sempervirens typica · V. sororia affinis · V. suavis adriatica · V. suavis barceloi · V. suavis catalonica · V. uniflora lasczinskyi · V. bakeri bakeri · V. 'Abigail' · V. 'Achilles' · V. 'Adam's Gold' · V. 'Adelina' · V. 'Admiral Avellan' · V. 'Admiral' · V. 'Admiration' (Pansy) · V. 'Agnes Cochrane'

Bibliography

• Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. (L US Can ed2)
• St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian islands. (L Hawaii)
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants - on-line resource. (US Fish & Wildl List)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. (F Hawaii)
• Wagner, W. L. et al. 1999. Hawaiian vascular plants at risk:1999. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 60:52.
• Wang Chingrui. 1991. Violaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 51: i-v, 1-148.

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CA L | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
• Translate this page using Google: Arabic | Chinese | Deutsch | Español | Français | Italiano | Japanese | Korean | Português

Notes

Contributors:

• African Regional Workshop (Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees, Zimbabwe) 1998. Pericopsis elata. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC & Grimes JW (Monograph 1996/97), 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Barneby RC and Forero E, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Behnke Nurseries, Potomac MD USA
• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Carr, Gerald
• Chappill J, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Computer Aided Identification of Phlebotomine sandflies of AmericasJan 2, 1997.
• Cristofolini G, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Fantz PR, 1999 (from ILDIS).
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Fortunato RH, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Heyn CC and Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• Hopkins HF, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
• Kirk P.M., 14-Sep-2005 (from Species Fungorum, Sep 2006).
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Marlin, Bruce. CirrusImage.com.
• Newell CA, 1997 (from ILDIS).
• Nghia, N.H. 1998. Dalbergia entadoides. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC & Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS).
• Nielsen IC and Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Ohashi H & Tateishi Y, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Mountain Prairie Information Node. March 26, 2007.
• Orthoptera Species File Online, 2.5, 2006.
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Pasquet RS, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• Phyllachorales 2006.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Polhill RM, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Ross JH, 2001-01 (from ILDIS).
• Schrire BD, 1994-10 (from ILDIS).
• Sokoloff DD, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.
• Thomson, Christian (from Diptera).
• UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Accessed May 19, 2006.
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
• Vaz AMSF, 2001-05 (from ILDIS).
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Adenanthera intermedia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
• Zarucchi JL, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen LJG, 1993 (from ILDIS).
• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 02, 2008:

• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 22189
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13741585
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:868807-1
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: Q23W
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: VIOA
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 68336

Footnotes:

1. Yousheng Chen, Qiner Yang, Hideaki Ohba & Vladimir V. Nikitin "Violaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 72, 138. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Viola". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 72, 74. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.