Juniperus communis (Carpet Juniper Juniperus Communis)

Overview

Common juniper. <em>Juniperus communis</em> single sprawling plant in typical habitat

Shrub or tree .

Juniper berries flavor gin, liqueurs, cordials, and soft drinks. The roasted berries were once used as a coffee substitute. In France, the berries are fermented with barley to make a beer called genevrette.

Interesting Facts

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The seed cones of Juniperus communis are used to flavor gin. [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Albanian:

Dellinjë E Rëndomtë

Common Names in Arabic:

Arar, عرعر, عَرْعَر

Common Names in Armenian:

Ardoog, Artuč, Artuch, Արտուճ

Common Names in Azerbaijani:

Ardıc, Ardyċ, Ардыҹ

Common Names in Basque:

Iñibre, Ipuru

Common Names in Bulgarian:

Ḫvojna, Khvojna, Хвойна

Common Names in Catalan:

Ginebró

Common Names in Croatian:

Borovica

Common Names in Czech:

Jalovčinky, Jalovec, Jalovec Obecný

Common Names in Danish:

Enebær, Junipero

Common Names in Dutch:

Jeneverbes

Common Names in English:

Carpet Juniper Juniperus Communis, Aiten, Common Juniper, Creeping Juniper, Dwarf Juniper, Fainy Circle, Gorst, Ground Juniper, Hackmatack, Horse Savin, Juniper, Malchangel

Common Names in Esperanto:

Juniperbero, Junipero

Common Names in Estonian:

Harilik Kadakas, Kadakamarjad

Common Names in Finnish:

Kataja, Katajanmarja, Kotikataja

Common Names in French:

Genévrier, Genévrier Commun, Genévrier, Genévrier Commun, Genièvre Commun, Genièvre

Common Names in Galician:

Enebro, Xenebro

Common Names in German:

Gemeine Wacholder, Kranawitt, Machandel, Wacholder

Common Names in Greek, Modern:

Árkeuthos, Arkevthos, Άρκευθος

Common Names in Hebrew:

Ar-Ar, Arar, Guniper, Juniper, ג'וניפר, ערער

Common Names in Hungarian:

Boróka, Borókabogyó

Common Names in Icelandic:

Einiber, Einir

Common Names in Italian:

Coccola Di Ginepro, Ginepro

Common Names in Japanese:

Junipa, Se-I-Yo-U-Su-Zu, Se-I-Yo-U-To-Si-(yo)-U, Seiyo-Suzu, Seiyo-Toshyo, Zi-(yu)-Ni-Pa-, ジュニパー, セイヨウスズ, セイヨウトショウ

Common Names in Kazakh:

Arşa, Арша

Common Names in Korean:

Chunipo, Chyunipo, Gob-Hyang-Na-Mu, Ju-Ni-Peo, Junipeo, Jyu-Ni-Peo, Jyunipeo, Kophyang-Namu, 곱향나무, 주니퍼, 쥬니퍼

Common Names in Latvian:

Kadiķa Ogas, Paegļi, Zviedrijas Kadiķis

Common Names in Lithuanian:

Paprastasis Kadagys

Common Names in Norwegian:

Einer

Common Names in Persian:

Sarv Kuhi, Srwḱwhý, سروکوهی

Common Names in Polish:

Jagody Jałowca, Jałowiec Pospolity

Common Names in Portuguese:

Junípero, Junipo, Zimbreiro

Common Names in ProvenÃ§al:

Genèbre, Janebre

Common Names in Romanian:

Ienupăr

Common Names in Russian:

Mozhzhevelnik, Možževel'nik, Можжевельник

Common Names in Sanskrit:

Hapusha

Common Names in Scottish Gaelic:

Ailtinn, Aiteil, Aitiol

Common Names in Slovak:

Borievka, Borievka Obyčajná

Common Names in Slovenian:

Brin, Brinove Jagode

Common Names in Spanish:

Bayas De Enebro, Cedro, Enebro, Junípero, Nebrina

Common Names in Swahili:

Mreteni

Common Names in Swedish:

En, Enbär

Common Names in Turkish:

Ardıç Yemişi, Ephel

Common Names in Ukrainian:

Âlìvec' Zvičajnij, Yalivets Zvychajnyj, Ялівець звичайний

Description

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Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Juniperus

Shrubs or trees evergreen . Branchlets terete , 3--6 angled , variously oriented, but not in flattened sprays . Leaves opposite in 4 ranks or in whorls of 3. Adult leaves closely appressed to divergent, scalelike to subulate , free portion to ca. 10 mm (to ca. 15 mm in Juniperus communis ) ; abaxial gland visible or not, elongate to hemispheric ( J. ashei ), sometimes exuding white crystalline deposit. Pollen cones with 3--7 pairs or trios of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--8 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing in 1 or 2 years, globose to ovoid and berrylike, 3--20 mm, remaining closed , usually glaucous; scales persistent , 1--3 pairs, peltate, tightly coalesced , thick and fleshy or fibrous to obscurely woody. Seeds 1--3 per scale, round to faceted , wingless; cotyledons 2--6. x = 11.

Species ca. 60: primarily Northern Hemisphere, 1 in e Africa.

Juniperus is the only dioecious (sometimes monoecious) genus of Cupressaceae in the flora . Cones, generally terminal , are axillary in J. communis.

Numerous cultivars of Juniperus species are widely used for landscaping. Mutants , or "sports," affecting plant habit and foliage are present in all species and are likely related to single-gene mutations . Many have been given formal names or incorrectly ascribed to hybridization. Gymnocarpy (bare seeds protruding from the cone), caused by insect larvae (T. A. Zanoni 1978), is occasionally found in most junipers, particularly in the southwestern United States. Specimens with such aberrations may be almost impossible to identify without chemical data.[2]

Physical Description

Species Juniperus communis

Shrubs or small trees dioecious, to 4 m (if trees, to 10 m), multistemmed, decumbent or rarely upright; crown generally depressed . Bark brown, fibrous , exfoliating in thin strips, that of small branchlets (5--10 mm diam.) smooth , that of larger branchlets exfoliating in strips and plates . Branches spreading or ascending ; branchlets erect , terete . Leaves green but sometimes appearing silver when glaucous, spreading, abaxial glands very elongate ; adaxial surface with glaucous stomatal band ; apex acute to obtuse , mucronate . Seed cones maturing in 2 years, of 2 distinct sizes, with straight peduncles, globose to ovoid , 6--13 mm, bluish black, glaucous, resinous to obscurely woody, with 2--3 seeds. Seeds 4--5 mm. 2 n = 22. [source]

Juniperus communis is the most widespread juniper species, and many subspecies and varieties have been described. A major study, including chemical characters, is needed to clarify the taxonomy. J. D. A. Franco (1962) recognized four subspecies (here considered varieties) ; two of these---var. communis and var. hemisphaerica (J. Presl & C. Presl) Parlatore---do not occur in the flora and a fifth, recognized here, was not treated by Franco. [source]

ID Features: Needles in 3's. Long awl needles. Needles pointed. Brown winter color. Gray to brown fruits in winter. Often confused with J. conferta, but J. communis has a white. stomatal line that is broader than the green margin, white J. conferta. has a green line down the middle of a narrow white stomatal line..

Habit: A medium-sized evergreen tree with wide spreading branches pointed upwards, typically at a 45° angle from the ground . Usually found as a multi-branched shrub .

Flowers: Dioecious. Staminate flowers yellow. No ornamental value.

Seeds: Fruit: 3-seeded cone, sessile or on short stalks . Globose in shape . 0.33" to 0.5" in diameter. Blue-black in color with a waxy bloom . Ripens during second or third year. Used for flavoring gin.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Awl-shaped needles . Needles persist for 3 years. Needles set at a wide angle from stem. Needles are concave with a broad white band on upper-side. Blunt needle tip. Gray-green to blue-green in color. Needles can be found in whorls of 3 on branchlets . • Fall foliage: Evergreen , no fall color. Needles turn yellowish brown during winter months. Can be unattractive.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Slow. • Size: 5' to 10' tall and 8' to 12' wide.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Naturalized plantings . Poor soil sites. Hedges . Mass plantings. • Liabilities: Susceptible to juniper blights . Yellow-brown foliage color that develops in the cold months may be. objectionable to some.

Habitat

Zone 2.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted. Grows on poor sites. Wind tolerant . Full sun . PH adaptable. Once established little maintence required. Not as heat tolerant as other Juniperus species.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 8.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Burnett
        Order: Cupressales ()
        Family: Cupressaceae () - Richard ex Bartling, 1830, nom. cons. - Cypress Family
        Subfamily: Potentilloideae ()
        Tribe: Potentilleae ()
        Genus: Juniperus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Juniper, cedar, redcedar, cedro, sabino [Latin juniperus, name for juniper]
        Specific epithet: communis - L.
        Variety: > was reassessed in 2007 and confirmed to be Least
        Botanical name: - Juniperus communis L.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Juniperus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 184 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Erigenia: journal of the Illinois Native Plant Society. Carbondale, Ill.: The Society, 1982- url p. 30.
Establishment, development, and management of conifer plantations in the Eli Whitney Forest, New Haven, Connecticut, New Haven, Yale University, 1943. url p. 17.
Evaluation of potential use of vegetation for erosion abatement along the Great Lakes shoreline / V. L. Hall, J. D. Ludwig. Fort Belvoir, Va.: U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975. url p. 29, p. 30.
Field manual of trees; including southern Canada and the northern United States to the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, westward to the limits of the prairie, by John H. Schaffner. Columbus, Ohio, R. G. Adams, 1922. url p. 54.
Fieldbook of native Illinois shrubs, by Leo R. Tehon. .. Urbana, Natural History Survey Division, 1942. url p. 27, p. 27.
Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. url p. 55.
Flora Orcadensis: containing the flowering plants arranged according to the natural orders / by Magnus Spence; and The mosses, by James Grant. Kirkwall: D. Spence, 1914. url p. 92.
Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Boston, Printed for the Society, 1922. url , p. 203.
Flora of Bermuda. .. by Nathaniel Lord Britton. .. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. url p. 409.
Flora of Bermuda... by Nathaniel Lord Britton... New York, Scribner, 1918. url p. 409.
Flora of County Kerry: including the flowering plants, ferns, Characeae, &c. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1916. url , , , , .
Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. url p. 12.
Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 1023, p. 70.
Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 117.
Flora of Nebraska; a list of the ferns, conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. Plainview, Neb., 1923 url p. 14.
Flora of southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island: with many references to Alaska and northern species / by Joseph Kaye Henry. Toronto: W.J. Gage, c1915. url p. 13.
Flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity. By A.S. Hitchcock and Paul C. Standley, with the assistance of the botanists of Washington. WashingtonGovt. print. off.1919 url p. 61.
Flora of the Indiana dunes, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the lake Michigan Coast of Indiana and of the Calumet District, by Donald Culross Peattie. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. url p. 38.
Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. [Ottawa: Queen's Printer], 1968-. url p. 165, p. 18, p. 68, p. 75, p. 77.
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia, by P.A. Rydberg. .. New York, The author, 1922. url p. 17.
Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url , p. 139.
Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. url p. 18.
Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 18.
Flowering plants of the Riviera: a sescriptive account of 1800 of the more interesting species / by H. Stuart Thompson; with an introduction on Riviera vegetation by A. G. Tansley London; New York: Longmans, Green, 1914. url p. 242.
Forest distribution in the northern Rocky Mountains, Missoula, Mont., State University, 1922. url , , , , .
Forest trails and highways of the Mount Hood region. Wash., 1920 url p. 30.
Form-factors in Coniferae. LondonOxford University Press1920 url p. 11, p. 26, p. 7.
Fossil plants from the beds of volcanic ash near Missoula, western Montana / by O.E. Jennings. Pittsburgh: Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, [1920] url p. 402.
Gardening for amateurs; a simple, complete, and practical guide for garden lovers, edited by H. H. Thomas. Illustrated by twenty-four coloured plates and many hundreds of photographs and sketches. New York: Funk and Wagnalls company, [1915] url p. 514.
Gardening for beginners; a handbook to the garden, by E.T. Cook. [London]"Country Life" [etc., 1914] url .
Gardening in California, San Francisco, A. M. Robertson, 1914. url p. 121.
General index to reports of the State Entomologist of Connecticut, 1901-1925 / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1926. url p. 691.
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1992 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 1293, fig. 5, page 251, p. 26, p. 374, p. 558, p. 602.
Guide to the Economic Museum of the New York Botanical Garden. New York, 1921. url p. 242, p. 80.
Guide to the identification of plant macrofossils in Canadian peatlands / Ottawa: Agriculture Canada, 1988. url p. 23, p. 64.
Gymnosperms; structure and evolution, by Charles Joseph Chamberlain. .. with 397 figures. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[1935] url p. 275, p. 281, p. 284, p. 286, p. 315, p. 323, p. 466.
Handbook of the trees of the northern states and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. Photo-descriptive. Lowville, N.Y., 1921 [c1907] url p. 46.
How to attract birds in northeastern United States / W. L. McAtee. Washington, D. C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1917. url p. 15.
How to attract wild birds about the home, Greenwich, Conn., The Greenwich bird protective society, inc., 1915. url .
How to know wild fruits; a guide to plants when not in flower by means of fruit and leaf; by Mary Elisabeth Herbert. New York, Macmillan, 1914. url , p. 249, p. 251, p. 338.
How to make a country place; an account of the successes and the mistakes of an amateur in thirty-five years of farming, building and development: together with a practical plan for securing a home and an independent income, star New York, Orange Judd company; [etc., etc.]1914. url p. 370.
IUCN Directory of South Asian Protected Areas IUCN url p. 151, p. 287, p. 96.
Illinois Natural History Survey bulletin. Champaign, Ill.: The Survey, 1987- url p. 299.
Illustrations of the British flora: a series of wood engravings, with dissections, of British plants. London, L. Reeve, 1919. url .
International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. url p. 1240.
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Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 359, p. 609.
Introduction to the mammal survey of the 1965 Street Expedition to Afghanistan [by] Jerry D. Hassinger. 55 1968 [Chicago]Field Museum of Natural History, 1968. url p. 23.
Irish ethno-botany and the evolution of medicine in Ireland. Dublin, M. H. Gill, 1919. url , , p. 41, p. 93.
Journal of ethnobiology. 8-9 1988-1989 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 106, p. 184, p. 190, p. 194, p. 201, p. 208, p. 25, p. 297, p. 31, p. 39, p. 43, p. 74, p. 81, p. 88.
Journal of forestry. Washington: Society of American Foresters, 1917- url p. 362.
Key to the Rocky Mountain flora. Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, [c1919] url .
Lake Superior. [With a narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. Huntington, N.Y.]R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1974 [c1850] url p. 165, p. 181.
Landscape garden series, ed. by Ralph Rodney Root. Davenport, Ia.: The Garden Press, [1921] url p. 22, p. 25, p. 7.
Landscape gardening / rev. by Frank A. Waugh, and including many chapters from Downing's "Rural essays". New York: Wiley, 1921. url p. 135.
Landscaping your home / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 234.
Leaf-mining insects / by James G. Needham, Stuart W. Frost, Beatrice H. Tothill. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins company, [c1928] url p. 312.
Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url .
Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I.: based on materials collected and arranged by Lady Hooker / by Leonard Huxley. London: J. Murray, 1918. url p. 475.
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List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition) Council of Europe url p. 28, p. 30, p. 55.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , p. 39, p. 58, p. 61, p. 64, p. 71.
MAB Biosphere Reserves: Site Descriptions, post compilation 5 (October 1990) UNESCO MAB Programme url .
Making fences, walls and hedges, by W. H. Butterfield. New York: McBride, Nast & company, 1914. url p. 62.
Manual of fruit diseases, by Lex R. Hesler. .. and Herbert Hice Whetzel. New York, The Macmillan company, 1917. url p. 392.
Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917. url .
Manual of plant diseases, Wilkes-Barr, Pa., The Record press, c1914-22 url p. 105.
Manual of plant diseases, by Paul Sorauer. Wilkes-Barr, Pa.The Record Press, c1914-22 url p. 105.
Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 1933 New York: The author, 1933. url p. 10, p. 11.
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 79, p. 79, p. 80, p. 80, p. 904, p. 904.
Manual of tree diseases / New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918. url .
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Memoirs / Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Garden, 1918-1936. url p. 375.
Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 53.
Miscellaneous papers on the botany of Michigan, by C. K. Dodge. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Published as a part of the Annual report of the Board of Geological Survey for 1920. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, State Printers, 1921. url p. 170, p. 20.
Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1964 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 11, p. 21, p. 46.
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Mule deer population organization, behavior and dynamics in a northern Rocky Mountain environment / [Bozeman?]: Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1991] url , , .
Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1950. url p. 195, p. 56.
Native trees of Canada / by B.R. Morton; with notes on nomenclature and utilization by R.G. Lewis. Ottawa: Dept. of the Interior, Forestry Branch, 1921. url p. 50.
Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , p. 147, p. 148, p. 149.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 172, p. 172, p. 234, p. 481.
Nature Reserves of the Himalaya and the Mountains of Central Asia IUCN url p. 252, p. 409, p. 465.
New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 14.
New or unusual plant injuries and diseases found in Connecticut, 1916-1919 / [New Haven]: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1920. url p. 444, p. 445.
North Atlantic biota and their history; a symposium held at the University of Iceland, Reykjavk, July 1962, under the auspices of the University of Iceland and the Museum of Natural History. Editors: Askell Lve and Doris Lve. Sponsored Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press, 1963 url p. 419.
Observations on the flowering plants, ferns and fern allies growing wild in Marquette County, Michigan, in 1916 and 1917, especially in the vicinity of the Huron Mountain Club. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Published by the University, 1918. url .
Occasional papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. 15 1980 Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. url p. 61.
Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study of their habits and their peculiarities, New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1917. url , .
Parks: a manual of municipal and county parks compiled as a result of a nation-wide study of municipal and county parks conducted by the Playground and Recreation Association of America, in co-operation with edited by L.H. Weir. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1928. url p. 682, p. 684, p. 685, p. 686, p. 687, p. 689, p. 690, p. 691.
Pennsylvania trees / by J.S. Illick. Harrisburg., Pa.: W. S. Ray, State Printer, 1915. url p. 228, p. 87.
Pennsylvania trees. Harrisburg, Pa.W.S. Ray, State Printer1914 url p. 228.
Pharmaceutical botany, with glossary of botanical terms. Philadelphia, Blakiston[1921] url p. 295.
Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond. London, MacMillan, 1914. url p. 85.
Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 39.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url , p. 124, p. 146, p. 148, p. 157, p. 181, p. 20, p. 269, p. 272, p. 273, p. 274, p. 276, p. 288, p. 296, p. 313, p. 33, p. 354, p. 391, p. 424, p. 43, p. 434, p. 434, p. 435, p. 44, p. 46, p. 498, p. 54, p. 56.
Plant bugs on fruit crops in Canada: Heteroptera: Miridae / Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1982. url p. 154.
Plant community classification for vegetation on BLM lands, Pryor Mountains, Carbon County, Montana / Robert L. DeVelice & Peter Lesica; for USDI Bureau of Land Management, State Office. Helena, Mt.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1993. url p. 13, p. 14, p. 3, p. 45, p. 53, p. 76.
Plant disease Fungi, by F. L. Stevens... New York, The Macmillan company[c1925] url p. 262, p. 264, p. 454.
Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 228.
Plant materials of decorative gardening; the woody plants, by William Trelease. Urbana, The author, 1917. url p. 54, p. 54.
Plant sociology; the study of plant communities; authorized English translation of Pflanzensoziologie, by Dr. J. Braun-Blanquet. Translated, revised and edited by George D. Fuller and Henry S. Conard. New York and London, McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1932. url p. 275, p. 333.
Plant species of concern and plant associations of Powder River county, Montana / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2002. url .
Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation, Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916. url , , , .
Plant-life, by Charles A. Hall, with 74 full-page illus., 24 being from photos. by the author and 50 in colour from drawings by C. F. Newall. London, A. & C. Black, 1915. url , , .
Plant-life, by Charles A. Hall. .. with 74 full-page illustrations, 24 being from photographs by the author and 50 in colour from drawings by C. F. Newall. London: A. & C. Black, ltd., 1915. url p. 186, p. 190, p. 372.
Plant-life, ill. by the author and C.F. Newall. London, Black, 1915. url p. 372.
Plant-life, with 74 full-page illus., 24 being from photos, by the author and 50 in colour from drawings London, A. & C. Black, 1915. url .
Plants in Danger: what do we know? IUCN url p. 118.
Plants of the Punjab: a descriptive key to the flora of the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province, and Kashmir / by C.J. Bamber. Lahore: Supt. Govt. Printing, Punjab, 1916. url p. 126.
Pollen and spore morphology/plant taxonomy; gymnospermae, pteriodophyta, bryophyta (Illustrations) Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell;[1957] url .
Polskie pismo entomologiczne = Polish journal of entomology = Bulletin entomologique de Pologne Warszawa [etc.]Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. url p. 136.
Potter's cyclopaedia of botanical drugs and preparations / by R.C. Wren. London: Potter & Clarke, [1915] url p. xxiii.
Practical foresty; a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament. LondonW. Rider[pref.1917] url p. 138.
Practical veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917. url , p. 305.
Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url , p. 118, p. 21, p. 25, p. 5, p. 52, p. 6, p. 78, p. 8.
Propagation of wild birds; a manual of applied ornithology, treating of practical methods of propagation of quails, grouse, wild turkey, pheasants, partridges, pigeons and doves, and waterfowl, in America, and of attracting and Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1915. url .
Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 168, p. 29.
Publications in botany / Ottawa: The Museum, 1969- url p. 69, p. 76, p. 91.
Range-wide status assessment of cirsium longistylum (long-styled thistle) / Helena: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2004. url .
Rare plant inventory of the outstanding natural areas of the Rocky Mountain Front / prepared for United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management; prepared by Lisa Ann Schassberger. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1988] url p. 24.
Report on the conservation status of Arabis fecunda, a candidate threatened species / [Peter Lesica]. Helena, MT.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993]. url p. 12, p. 51.
Results of field surveys for Allotropa virgata in the Beaverhead and Deerlodge National Forests / prepared by Jackie M. Poole. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992] url p. 4.
Rust infection of leaves in petri dishes / [New Haven]: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1924. url p. 491.
Rydberg, P. A. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, and British Columbia /by P. A. Rydberg... 1917 New York: The author, 1917. url p. 17.
Sable Island, with a catalogue of its vascular plants / by Harold St. John. Boston: Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 1921. url p. 41, p. 57, p. 58, p. 98.
Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 48, p. 49.
Seeds handbook for agriculture, horticulture and forestry, with a key for the identification of the important agricultural seeds = Handbuch der Samenkunde fr Landwirtschaft, Gartenbau und Forstwirtschaft, mit einem Schlussel zur Bestimmung der wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Samen / Walther Brouwen and Adolf Stahlin. [S.l.: s.n.], 1980. url p. 24.
Selected western flora: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta / Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, [c1915] url .
Sensitive plant species inventory in the Centennial Valley, Beaverhead County, Montana / prepared by Denise R. Culver; prepared for Bureau of Land Management, [Butte District] Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url , , , p. 114, p. 115, p. 116.
Sensitive plant species survey, Ashland District, Custer National Forest, Powder River and Rosebud Counties, Montana / by Bonnie L. Heidel and Hollis Marriott; for Custer National Forest. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1996] url .
Sensitive plant species survey, Garfield and McCone Counties, Montana / prepared by Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Bureau of Land Management. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994] url .
Sensitive plant survey in the Horse Prairie Creek drainage, Beaverhead County, Montana, Butte District, Bureau of Land Management / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Land management, Dillon Resource Area. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1995. url p. 38.
Sensitive plant survey in the Sioux District, Custer National Forest, Carter County, Montana, and Harding County, South Dakota / prepared by Bonnie L. Heidel and Keith H. Dueholm; prepared for Custer National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1995. url p. 145, p. 28, p. 8.
Sensitive plant survey in the Tendoy Mountains, Beaverhead County, Montana / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst and Peter Lesica; prepared for Bureau of Land Management, Butte District. Helena, Mt.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994]. url , p. 7.
Sensitive plant survey of the Tendoy Mountains, in the Beaverhead National Forest, Beaverhead County, Montana / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for United States Forest Service, Beaverhead National Forest. Helena, Mt.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1995] url p. 28, p. 54, p. 62.
Sensitive plant surveys in the Big Belt and Elkhorn Mountains, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jackie M. Poole and Bonnie L. Heidel; prepared for Helena National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1993] url , , , , , .
Sensitive plant surveys in the Bull River and adjacent drainages, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Kootenai National Forest, Montana / prepared by Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990]. url p. 55.
Sensitive plant surveys in the Gallatin National Forest, Montana / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for U.S. Forest Service, Gallatin National Forest. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994]. url p. 73.
Sensitive plant surveys, 1989: U.S. Forest Service, Region 1, Gallatin National Forest / prepared for United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; prepared by Sarah Y. Mathews. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1989] url p. 4, p. 51, p. 78.
South American Naiades: a contribution to the knowledge of the freshwater mussels of South America / by A.E. Ortmann. Pittsburgh: Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institut, [1921] url p. 677.
Spices and condiments / by James B. McNair, Asst. Curator of Economic Botany. Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. url p. 32.
Spixiana. 13 1990 Mnchen: Zoologische Staatssammlung Mnchen, 1977- url p. 208, p. 46.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 252, p. 253.
Station bulletin. Durham, N.H.: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, 1948- url p. 10, p. 15.
Status review and taxonomic studies of Astragalus molybdenus, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Lewis and Clark National Forest / prepared by Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990] url p. 31, p. 9.
Status review of Aquilegia brevistyla, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1; Lewis & Clark National Forest, Montana / prepared by Lisa Schassberger Roe. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992] url p. 28, p. 30, p. 33, p. 34, p. 8.
Status review of Cirsium longistylum, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1 Lewis and Clark National Forest, Montana / Lisa A. Schassberger and Peter L. Achuff. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1991]. url p. 6.
Status review of Cirsium subniveum on the Beaverhead National Forest, U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Region 1, Montana / prepared by Lisa Schassberger Roe. Helena, Mt.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1991] url p. 21, p. 22, p. 23, p. 7.
Status review of Goodyera repens, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Lewis and Clark National Forest, Montana / prepared by Peter Achuff and Lisa Schassberger. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1991] url p. 13, p. 43, p. 47, p. 49, p. 63.
Status review of Howellia aquatilis, U.S. Forest Service, Region 1, Flathead National Forest, Montana / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1988] url .
Status review of Lesquerella klausii, U.S. Forest Service, Region 1, Helena and Lewis & Clark National Forests, Montana / prepared by J. Stephen Shelly. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1988] url p. 44, p. 47.
Status review update of Goodyera repens, Lewis and Clark National Forest, Montana / prepared by Peter L. Achuff. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992] url p. 16, p. 20, p. 9.
Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 596, p. 597, p. 773.
Studies in French forestry / New York: Wiley, 1920. url .
Studies in French forestry, by Theodore S. Woolsey, jr. with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 408.
Studies in French forestry, with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New YorkWiley1920 url p. 408.
Studies of trees / by J. J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley & sons, 1914. url p. 22, p. 247.
Studies of trees / by J.J. Levison. New York: J. Wiley, 1914. url p. 22.
Survey for sensitive plant species on BLM lands in the vicinity of Lemhi Pass, Beaverhead County / prepared by Jim Vanderhorst; prepared for Bureau of Land Management, Butte District. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1994]. url .
Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 19, p. 20, p. 25, p. 376, p. 4, p. 5, p. 71, p. 74, p. 9.
Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types (TL2) Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1976-1988. url p. 109, p. 397, p. 770, p. 887, p. 888, p. 940.
Text-book of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., [c1920] url p. 283, p. 43.
Textbook of pastoral and agricultural botany, for the study of the injurious and useful plants of country and farm, by John W. Harshberger. .. with 121 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co.[c1920] url p. 283, p. 283, p. 43, p. 43.
The Asa Gray bulletin. 2 1953 Ann Arbor, Mich. url p. 192, p. 310.
The Bahama flora, New York, The Authors, 1920. url .
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The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 444.
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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Conifer Database 2006.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Juniperus communis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
"Juniperus communis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2664491
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-2018
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4706086
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20009324-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 20821
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 194820
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 262182-1
IUCN ID: 217111
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGCUP05030
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: JUCOM2
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44142

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Robert P. Adams "Juniperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 486.020 meters (1,594.554 feet), Standard Deviation = 536.080 based on 18,205 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Juniperus communis

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Genus Juniperus

Physical Description

Species Juniperus communis

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juniperus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes